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Formula 1's ambitious ground-effect regulations of 2022 to 2025 were heralded as the most thoroughly researched and well-conceived technical rules in grand prix racing history—yet they ultimately failed to deliver on their central promise of closer, more competitive racing. The FIA has now openly acknowledged this shortcoming, with senior officials conceding that the sport's regulatory framework proved vulnerable to systematic exploitation by teams in their relentless pursuit of performance.
The irony is stark. When the ground-effect regulations debuted in 2022, the early results appeared vindicated. The FIA's pre-regulation analysis revealed that in 2019, a following car retained only 55% of its downforce at 10 metres behind a rival and 65% at 20 metres. The new regulations dramatically improved these figures to 85% and 95% respectively in their inaugural year. Drivers and commentators praised the enhanced overtaking opportunities, with racing perceived as significantly closer than the previous generation of cars.
But by 2025, that promise had deteriorated markedly. Following car downforce retention had degraded to just 65% at 10 metres and 80% at 20 metres—still nominally better than the pre-2022 era but insufficient to sustain the racing improvements of the early years. This degradation underscored a fundamental regulatory failure: teams systematically found methods to circumvent the regulation's core objective.
The blame lies not with the regulations' conception, but with their execution. The FIA identified loopholes across three critical aerodynamic areas: front-wing endplates, floor edges, and brake duct winglet arrays.
The most damaging innovation emerged early in 2022 when Mercedes introduced an endplate design that created unwanted gaps to channel outwash airflow—aerodynamic energy directed outward and backward rather than downward. Though the FIA closed this specific loophole, competitors simply identified alternative methods to achieve similar aerodynamic outwash effects. This pattern repeated throughout the regulation cycle, with each attempted closure spawning new workarounds.
As FIA Single Seater Technical Director Nikolai Tombazis acknowledged, the regulatory architecture contained excessive freedom in areas where constraints were essential: "There were certainly some areas of the regulations where they were a bit too permissive in some areas and they enabled teams to adopt solutions which create outwash, aerodynamically speaking, and therefore went on to compromise some of the very good work on the overtaking."
The 2022 technical regulations contained an unprecedented provision—Article 3.2 explicitly codified that "an important objective is to enable cars to race closely, by ensuring that the aerodynamic performance loss of a car following another car is kept to a minimum." For the first time in Formula 1 history, the rulemakers possessed both the intent and technical language to police this objective.
Yet enforcement proved impossible. The FIA proposed targeted tweaks for 2025 to address deteriorating raceability, focusing on modifications to front-wing endplates, floor edges, and the brake-duct area. These interventions never materialized. F1's governance structure requires team unanimity to implement mid-regulation changes, and the competing commercial and competitive interests meant consensus was unattainable. As Tombazis lamented, "we didn't have enough support among the teams."
This governance limitation exposed a critical vulnerability: without mandatory authority to enforce the regulation's stated objective, the FIA remained merely a reactive body, constantly chasing innovations that subverted its intentions.
Beyond raceability, the ground-effect regulations generated unexpected challenges. Severe porpoising and bouncing—the violent vertical oscillations caused by aerodynamic stalling—plagued drivers throughout the era, particularly in 2022. These phenomena damaged both driver health and the racing spectacle, though they received less regulatory attention than the overtaking degradation.
Additional controversies emerged around flexi-wing designs and underfloor skid specifications, each requiring reactive rule modifications rather than proactive prevention.
Amid the regulatory disappointments, two often-overlooked measures substantially succeeded: the cost cap and the sliding scale of aerodynamic testing (ATR). Though technically introduced in 2021—deferred one year due to COVID-19 pandemic impacts—these regulations formed integral components of the 2022 revolution. By constraining development resources and testing allocations, these measures enhanced competitive balance and F1's financial sustainability far more effectively than the ground-effect technical framework did for racing quality.
The ground-effect era concludes following the 2025 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix. The 2026 technical regulations will introduce active aerodynamics and smaller cars, with the FIA confirming that the new generation will eliminate porpoising through higher ride heights and more compliant suspension setups.
The legacy of the 2022-2025 regulations remains mixed: a conceptually innovative framework that failed in execution, undone by regulatory permissiveness and governance structures insufficient to police stated objectives. The FIA's candid admission—"We wish we had done better"—represents an important acknowledgment that even meticulously engineered regulations require continuous enforcement authority to withstand teams' evolutionary pressure in pursuit of competitive advantage.
He’s a software engineer with a deep passion for Formula 1 and motorsport. He co-founded Formula Live Pulse to make live telemetry and race insights accessible, visual, and easy to follow.